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MEMBRANOFONES (from lat. Membrana - skin, membrane and Greek. Ponn - sound) - musical instruments whose sound source is a membrane - the skin or bubble of animals, synthetic film, etc. All types of timpani, drums, tambourines, myrrhletons belong to M. Sound is extracted mainly by hitting the membrane with fingers, palm, fist or sticks (mallet) with hard or soft tips. There is also a frictional way of playing (vibration of the membrane is caused by the friction of fingers on the membrane or through a bundle of horsehair fixed in it), as, for example, on a Romanian mold. bukhae, and vibration-sound, applied on ind. Niasatarange, Ukrainian black, scallop with paper tape, etc. tools. DOS M.'s function is music-rhythmic and signal. M.There are a wide variety of shapes and designs - from simple instruments to perfect ones, such as Indian mridanga or tabla with their multilayer membranes, which allow you to extract sounds of different heights. At many peoples (including Indians, Uzbeks, Tajiks, etc.) the game on M. reaches virtuosity. In Europe professional music. In practice, timpani (having fine tuning of sounds by height), large and small drums and a tambourine are usually used. K.A. Vertkov.